HISTORY OF GUJARATI FILM INDUSTRY
Gujarati cinema or Gujarati film industry is one of the
largest regional and vernacular film industry of Cinema of India, dating back to April 9, 1932,
when the first Gujarati language film
titled,Narsinh Mehta was released, After flourishing through the
60s, 70 and 1980s, the industry saw a decline, in 2005 the Government even
announced 100% tax exemption for
Gujarati film.
Gujarati cinema started in year 1932 when the first Gujarati film, Narsinh
Mehta, was released. It was directed by Nanubhai Vakil. The film starred
Mohanlala, Marutirao, Master Manhar, and Miss Mehtab. It was of the 'saint'
genre and was on the life of the saint Narasinh Mehta. The film was matchless as it
avoided any depiction of miracles. In 1935, another movie Ghar Jamai was
released, directed by Homi Master. The film starred Heera, Jamna, Baby
Nurjehan, Amoo, Alimiya, Jamshedji, and Gulam Rasool. It featured a `resident
son-in-law` (ghar jamai) and his escapades as well as his problematic attitude
towards the freedom of women. It was a comedy-oriented movie and was a major
success in the industry. The Gujarati movies such as Kariyavar,
directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi, Vadilona Vanke directed by
Ramchandra Thakur, Gadano Bel directed by Ratibhai Punatar andLeeludi
Dharti, which was inspired by the novel of same name by Chunilal Madia, was
directed by Vallabh Choksi. The problems of modernisation are the underlying
concern of several films. Movies like Gadano Bel had a strong
realism and reformism.
Gunasundari was
thrice made from 1927 to 1948. The film was such a success in its first
appearance in 1927, that director Chandulal Shah remade it in 1934. The
film was again remade in 1948 by Ratilal Hemchand Punater. In its last version
Hindi films’ eternal Mother Nirupa Roy made her debut as its heroine.
Gunasundari is
the story of a poor Indian woman who is disliked by her husband for her moral
stand. The woman finally lands in the street where she meets a person who is
just like her — a social outcast. The story ends here. The three versions,
however, have made some changes here and there to meet the demands of the time.
In a filmdom which was theatrical and melodramatic and often
shunned by the audience, Akhand Saubhagyabati, that starred
Bollywood queen Asha Parekh, made a
success in 1963. Asha also has immense contribution to Gujarati television
serial making. Her TV production Jyoti was a household show
for a long time.
In the year 1975 Tanariri, directed by Chandrakant
Sangani, highlighted the little-known side of Akbar who
is usually presented as a consistently benign ruler. The first cinemascope film
of Gujarati cinema was Sonbai ni Chundadi, directed by Girish
Manukant released in '1976. Besides these,Bhavni Bhavai released in 1980 was
directed by Ketan Mehta. It
boasted of superlative performances, fine camerawork and won awards like National Award for Best Feature Film on National
Integration, National
Film Award for Best Art Direction for Meera Lakhia and another
award at the Nantes festival in France. In 1992, Hun Hunshi Hunshilal,
directed by Sanjiv Shah was sought to be post-modern.
From 1973 to 1987, Arun Bhatt gave the industry a totally
different outlook by creating films that matched production values of Hindi
Cinema. He took the risk of making films with urban backgrounds such as Mota
Gharni Vahu, Lohini Sagaai, Paarki Thaapan etc and proved that films without
rural themes could not only be successful but become Jubilees. Arun Bhatt's
"Pooja na Phool" made in the early 80s won him an award for the Best
Film from the Government of Gujarat and was also telecast on Doordarshan in the
Sunday slot for Regional award winning films.
In 1990s, Upendra Trivedi produced, acted and directed the
movie-Manvi ni Bhawai based on the novel created by famous Gujarati
writer-Pannalal Patel. The movie was widely appreciated and went to win the
national award. In 1998, Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya became very successful
and went on to became super-hit.
Subjects
The scripts and stories dealt in the Gujarati films are
intrinsically humane. They include relationship and family oriented subjects
with human aspirations and deal with the Indian family culture. Thus, there can
be no turning away from the essential humanity of these Gujarati cinema.
Actors
Many famous actors have worked in Gujarati film industry like Sanjeev Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Bindu, Asha Parekh, Kiran Kumar, Upendra Trivedi,Arvind Trivedi, Aruna Irani, Mallika Sarabhai, Asrani, Naresh Kanodia, Sneh Lata, Jayshree T. etc. The decades of 1970 and
1980 should be considered the golden era of industry. Many famous actors
including Upendra Trivedi, Naresh Kanodia, Kiran Kumar, Arvind Trivedi, Rajiv, Asrani gave many famous movies with heroins like Aruna Irani, Sneh Lata. Ramesh Mehta has worked as a comedian in
most of the movies along with this actors. In the present generation, the most
famous actors are Hitu Kanodia (the son of Naresh Kanodia), Hiten Kumar, Vikram
Thakor and Chandan Rathod along with the heroines like Roma Manek, Mona Thiba.
Gujarati people in other film industries
Actors like Arvind Joshi, Sanjeev Kumar, Aruna Irani, Arvind
Trivedi, Prachi Desai, Jackie Shroff, Paresh Rawal, Deepshikha, Darshan Jariwala, Pooja Bhatt, Sharman Joshi, Nirupa Roy, Satish Shah, Dina Pathak, Ratna Pathak, Supriya Pathak, Tina Ambani, Parveen Babi, Dimple Kapadia, Ameesha Patel, Tulip Joshi, Ayesha Takia, Anang Desai, Deepika Chikhalia, Neelam Kothari, Upen Patel, Himesh Reshammiya, Shruti Seth, Farooq Shaikh,Manav Gohil, etc. are well known personalities
who have contributed to Hindi film industry popularly
known as Bollywood.
Directors and producers like Sanjay Leela Bhansali,
Jiten Purohit Vijay Bhatt, Nanabhai Bhatt, Manmohan Desai, Ketan Desai, Mehboob Khan,Mahesh Bhatt, Mukesh Bhatt, Vikram Bhatt, Chandra Barot, Nariman A. Irani, Sanjay Gadhvi, Indra Kumar, Hiralal Khatri, Dhirajlal Shah,A
A Nadiadwala, Sajid Nadiadwala, Abbas-Mustan, Mehul Kumar, Vipul Shah, Rahul Dholakia, and famous entrepreneur
Chandubhai Faldu Patel who is also Chairperson of Gujarati Cinema and owns a
Bollywood film production house called WhiteHouse Productions are also
inseparable part of Bollywood.
Alisha Chinai, Alka Yagnik, Manhar Udhas, Pankaj Udhas, Falguni Pathak,Himesh Reshammiya are well
known singers of this industry.Kalyanji Anandji, Ismail Darbar and Jaikishan (a famous
pair of Shankar-Jaikishan who made many great compositions for R.K.Films) are
known for their music.
Namitha, born as Namita Mukesh Vankawala, is
very popular heroine in Kollywood or Tamil film industry.
Kalpen Modi,popularly
known as Kal Penn is known name in Hollywood.Dev Patel is world famous name for his
work in Slumdog Millionaire movie. Ben Kingsley, a winner of Academy Award
for Best Actor for his work in title the role of the film Gandhi (film), is also Gujarati origin.
Golden Era
From the year 1965 to 1990 can be considered as industry's golden
era.
Bad economics has stunted Gujarati cinema
Recently the Gujarati film industry crossed the magic figure of
1,000 films. Although this was a milestone, the eighty-year-old film industry
has failed to reach the heights that other regional cinema has. Associate
professor of economics in Pilwai college in Mehsana, Kartik Bhatt, 43, decided to research
the economics of Gollywood, as Gujarati cinema is popularly known. Bhatt's
preliminary findings show that the popularity of Bollywood curtails the regional film
industry.
"Directors of Gujarati cinema are forced to target audiences
living in villages so the whole economics of producing a film prohibits a
producer from spending much money.
In the end quality suffers and it fails to attract urban audience.
It is a vicious circle," says Bhatt. According to Bhatt, there are only 80
theatres showing Gujarati films in the state presently. He says that even with
a government subsidy of Rs five lakh one cannot earn much.
A major chunk of recovery of the money depends on the film's
performance in the market. Also, "Most of the talent is moving to Bollywood or television serials because
there is more money and glamour", Bhatt says. Bhatt who collected the data
on the Gujarati film industry over the last ten years is now doing his PhD on
"Economics, Problems of Regional Film Industry: A Case Study of Gujarati
Film Industry". He feels that the Gujarati film industry has also failed to
take advantage of the media.
"Unlike Bollywood films, Gujarati films are not released on a
profit sharing basis, theatres charge Gujarati film producers for showing a
film," says Bhatt. Bhatt firmly believes that the whole problem with
Gujarati cinema lies in its economics. "There are many issues that ail the
Gujarati film industry, one is theatres, the other is service charges of
theatres and lack of theatres in the whole state.
New look For Gujarati Cinema
Think Gollywood and you think of men in kedias and choynis doing a
shrill garba with village belles. Filmmaker Rakesh Pandey plans to make three
Gujarati films which he claims will be different.
Coming soon is a movie by his company Om Pictures, which promises
not to show too much of ghaghra cholis, pancaked faces, badly done love scenes
and over-emoting by actors.
The venture, called 'Sneh na sagpan' stars Hiten Kumar and Rupa
Divetia in the lead roles.
This was announced at a press conference to launch the music CD of
this film on Friday. Actors from the movie, music director Sooraj Kanodia and
Pandey, who is the producer-director, promoted the music. The film is expected
to be released next month.
National Awards
Bhavni Bhavai released in the year 1980 was directed by Ketan Mehta. It boasted of superlative
performances, fine camerawork and won awards like National Award for Best Feature Film on National
Integration, National
Film Award for Best Art Direction for Meera Lakhia.
Little Zizou
Recently Little Zizou, a 2009 film in Hindi,
Gujarati, and English, written and directed by Sooni Taraporevala won
the "Silver Lotus Award" or "Rajat Kamal" in the National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare category
at the 56th National
Film Awards.
The state has also thrown up formidable acting talent of the
calibre of late Sanjeev Kumar (his actual name was Haribhai Jariwala), Dina
Pathak, Urmila Bhatt, Manoj Joshi, Paresh Rawal and Asha Parekh. Says Bhuta,
“One of the main reasons
why Upendra Trivedi, better known as the Dilip Kumar of the Gujarati film
industry, has been relegated to relative anonymity on the national film scene
is the fact that he was not able to adapt well to the Hindi film industry because
of language handicap.”
Given the scenario it's not surprising that Dhollywood has little
to show in the quantity and quality of films which have been produced in the 75
years of its existence. Compared to Bollywood which has been churning out
movies at amazing speed with more than 10,000 films to its credit so far, a
minuscule 762 Gujarati films have been made thus far.
“For instance, while an
average of 5,000 to 8,000 shots are taken for an 80 to 100 scene Hindi film,
for a Gujarati film, a mere 500 to 800 shots are taken as the film maker can
neither afford the cost of camera or the feet of raw stock required for such
footage. Further, a Gujarati film is made in 16 mm as the producer cannot
afford the 35 mm format,” Bhuta elaborates.
It remains to be seen after the Gujarat government decided to give
100 per cent tax exemption to the film industry in the state. It has also
announced a Re one rise in the service charge per cinema ticket to encourage
theatre owners to screen Gujarati films. Whether the incentives from the state
government will do any good to the Gujarati film industry, it is perhaps
passing through its worst patch ever.
Perhaps its only then that it will be able to rise from serving
pedestrian fare to cinemagoers to providing quality cinema.
“There’s no dearth of
brilliant regional novels which are churned out year after year. These can be
made into films. Why should we have to depend on a Shyam Benegal to take the
story of Operation Flood to the masses through his cine classic Manthan when it
could so easily have been made by a Gujarati. And why should a Sanjay Leela
Bhansali weave celluloid magic out of the vibrant beauty of Gujarat only for
his Bollywood blockbuster Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam when he can so easily do that
for regional cinema of the state as well?” ruminates Harshadbhai Shah, chairman
of GFDAC for the fifth successive year.
